Piezoelectrics-on-CMOS
Traditional chemical and biological assays rely on secondary reporters for detection of binding events, as with the use of fluorescent reporters for microarrays or colorimetric enzyme labels for immunoassays.
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Traditional chemical and biological assays rely on secondary reporters for detection of binding events, as with the use of fluorescent reporters for microarrays or colorimetric enzyme labels for immunoassays.
Delivering power to integrated circuits is becoming an increasingly complex challenge. On the high end, chips can demand in excess of 150 W of power at supply voltages of less than 1 V, leading to current demands approaching 200 A.
Over the past several decades, a variety of imaging techniques have enabled a wide range of studies of the structure, function, and dynamics of molecules at the single-molecule level. However, popular fluorescent single-molecule techniques generally cannot directly resolve temporal changes that occur on sub-millisecond timescales, as imaging times must accommodate the relatively slow rate of photon emission from single fluorophores.
Si CMOS is facing increasing challenges in continuing performance gains with channel length scaling due to the growing importance of fringe capacitance parasitics, short-channel effects due to degraded electrostatics, and gate leakage.

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Kenneth Shepard
Professor of Electrical Engineering
Columbia University
1019 Schapiro CEPSR
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E-mail: shepard@ee.columbia.edu
Keil Thomas
Group Administrator
Columbia University
1300 S. W. Mudd
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